Donato di Donatello :: Essays Papers

Donato di Donatello Donatello was one of the greatest sculptors of all time. His real name was Donato de Betto di Bardi. Donatello was born in Florence in 1386 and died at 1466. He grew up being called Donatello, which means â€Å"Little Donato.† There is very little known about Donatello’s family, except his father was Nicalo di Bardi a wool comber. There is no record of Donatello ever being married or having children. Donatello began his career as a goldsmith. At the age of twelve, he began working in the shop of the great architect Brunelleschi in 1399. Next, Donatello had the opportunity to work as an apprentice for the most famous sculptor of the time Lorenzo Ghiberte. He assisted Ghiberte in constructing and decorating the famous bronze doors for baptistery in Florence. Each bronze door contained fourteen sculpted panels with scenes from the New Testament. It took Ghiberte almost twenty years to complete the doors. This experience of studying under Ghiberte continues to influence Donatello’s style of sculpting for the rest of his life. Donatello’s first work of art, which was recognized, was a larger than life, statue of St. Mark. The statue measured seven feet nine inches and was sculpted out of marble. This was his first great sculpture. It took him more than two years to finish. The thing that is most remarkable about the statue is the penetrating gaze of St. Mark. â€Å"Michelangelo is reported to have said that he had never seen anyone who looked more like a honest man then Donatello’s statue of St. Mark.† Donatello’s earliest sculptures were very realistic In 1415 Donatello was commissioned to sculpt a statue of St. George, the slayer of dragons. The statue stands today in Florence. It took him two years to complete the six foot nine inch statue. The statue of St. George is that he seems very alive. The youthful looking St. George is dressed in a full suit of armor and his eyes are fired on his sword arm. Although, the statue stands firmly you almost sense that he is ready to move. The body language of St. George suggests a person ready for battle. The face and pose of St. George is very vivid and controlled that is compared to the classical Greek and Roman sculptures. By the time Donatello was in his late thirties, wealthy people were buying his sculptures. The Medici family of Florence commissioned most of his works.

Less Is More

LESS IS BORE. INTRODUCTION HOW CAN ONE DESCRIBE AND ANALYSE AN ARTISTIC MOMENT WHILE IT IS GOING ON? SO IN CASE OF POSTMODERNISM, HISTORY OFFERS NO INSIGHT AS TO THE SCOPE OF THE MOMENT BECAUSE WE ARE IN IT’S MIDST. EXPLANATION â€Å"I NEVER KNEW ANYBODY . . . WHO FOUND LIFE SIMPLE. I THINK A LIFE OR A TIME LOOKS SIMPLE WHEN YOU LEAVE OUT THE DETAILS. † SAME WAS THE THINKING OF ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI WHEN HE TOSSED HIS FAMOUS QUOTE ‘’LESS IS BORE’’, WHICH PAVED THE WAY FOR POSTMODERNISM IN THIS MODERN WORLD.ACCORDING TO THE CONCEPT ‘’LESS IS BORE’’ IT DEFINES THAT POSTMODERNISM IS SO ELUSIVE BECAUSE IT IS A SET OF COMPLEX CONCEPTS AND ABSTRACT PREMISES, NOT ONE CENTRAL IDEA. IT IS ONE OF THE HARDEST PHILOSOPHICAL AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS TO DEFINE; HOWEVER, ITS MUCH FORM CAN BE FOUND IN VISUAL ART, LITERATURE AND ARCHITECTURE. THIS CONCEPT ADVOCATES EMBRASING â€Å"CONTRADICTION AND COMPLEXITY’’ IN ORDER TO CREATE VALID AND VITAL WORKS. ITS ARGUES ARCHITECTS TO LEAVE THE TENETS OF TRADITIONAL MODERNISM BEHIND IN PURSUIT OF â€Å"TRUTH IN ITS TOTALITY’’.THIS MEANS THAT POSTMODERNISM IS A COMPLEX SET OF TRUE NATURE OF ARCHITECTURE AND IT IS MORE REAL THAN OVERLY PLANNED, HYPPER-LOGICAL MODERNIST CONSTRUCTIONS. POSTMODERNISM BEGAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL STYLE IN AROUND 1950’S AND CONTINUES TO INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE TILL THIS DAY. POSTMODERNITY IN ARCHITECTURE IS SAID TO BE HERALDED BY THE RETURN OF â€Å"WIT, ORNAMENT AND REFERANCE† TO THE ARCHITECTYRE IN RESPONCSE TO THE FORMULATION OF INTERNATIONAL STYLE OF MODERNISM.WITH THE START OF POSTMODERNISM THE FUNCTIONAL AND FORMALIZED SHAPES AND SPACES OF THE MODERIST STYLE ARE REPLACED BY DIVERSE AESTHETICS AND NEW WAYS OF VIEWING FAMILIAR STYLE AND SPACES AROUND. THE MODERNISM IS ROTTED IN MINIMAL AND TRUE USE OF MATERIAL BUT WE FIND A WHOLE ABSENCE OF ORNAMENTATION. BUT IN CASE OF POSTMODERNISM, THERE IS A STRO NG REJECTION OF STRICT RULES SET BY THE EARLY MODERNISTS AND THERE IS A PURSUIT OF SEEKING MEANING AND EXPRESSION IN THE USE OF BUILDING TECHNIQUES, FORM AND STYLISTIC REFRENCES.WHY ACCORDING TO ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI â€Å"LESS IS BORE† â€Å"THE IDEAL ART, THE NOBLEST OF ART COULD ONLY BE DONE BY WORKING WITH THE COMPLEXITIES OF LIFE, REFUSING TO SIMPLIFY, TO â€Å"OVERCOME† DOUBT. † EVERY WHERE EXCEPT IN ARCHITECTURE, COMPLEXITTY AND CONTRADICTION HAS BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED, FROM GODEL’S PROFF OF ULTIMATE INCONSISTENCY IN MATHEMATICS TO ELIOT’S ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULT POETRY TILL JOSEPH ALBER’S DEFINATION OF THE PARADOXICAL QUALITY OF PAINTING. BUT LUCKLY VENTURI’S INFLUENCE SHOWS UP THE EMERGENCE OF WHOLLY NEW SITUATION IN ARCHITECTURE.HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE ARCHITECTURE CAME IN SUCH A TIME WHEN MODERNIST ARCHITECTS HAD ERRONEOUSLY ASSUMED THAT THEIR WORK WOULD EVENTULLY TAKE PLACE AS A CONGENIAL NEIGHBOR TO THE OTHER HISTORICAL STYLES. BUT VENTURIE’S AWARNESS TOWARDS THE VERSION OF CLASSICAL ELEMENTS OF DESIGN HELPED HIM TO INTRODUCE THE WORLD WITH â€Å"LESS IS BORE† CONCEPT. HE HAS MADE A SPECIAL ATTEMPT TO RELATE ARCHITECTURE TO OTHER THINGS, AND ALSO HE HAS SET A RELATION BETWEEN COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITECTURE. SO, THE POSTMODERNISM WELCOMES THE PROBLEMS AND EXPLOIT THE UNCERTAINTIES.IT EMBRACES CONTRADICTIONS AS WELL AS COMPLEXITY AND AIM FOR VITALITY AS WELL AS VALIDITY. WHILE MODERNISM REJECTS DEVINE MEANING, THE BEAUTY OF NATURE AND THE FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY, POSTMODERNISM WISHES TO BRING TO FRUIT IDEAS OF ENLIGHTMENT THAT MODERNISM REJECTS. MODERNISM HOLDS THAT WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THE IDEA OR OBJECT A WORD REPRESENTS, POSTMODERNISM HOLDS THAT WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THE ACTUAL WORD ITSELF. ART CAN BE SATISFACTORILY DESCRIBED ONLY WHEN IT IS UNDERSTOOD NOT TO FULFILL THE EXPECTATIONS WHICH IT AROUSES.SO WE MUST UNDERSTOOD THE NATURE OF ART, IT IS NECESSARY TO BEFORE FURTHER ANA LYZING COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITECTURE. ARCHITECTURE CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD AS ART UNTIL ART HAS BEEN UNDERSTOOD IN GENERAL. A MAJOR PROBLEM IN ART HAS BEEN A SUPPOSEDLY NECESSARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WORK OF ART AND THE EXPERIENCE OF ART. LOOKING AT GRAPHIC DESIGN, THERE ARE NO â€Å"LAWS,† BUT THERE ARE CERTAIN IDEAS ABOUT SYSTEMS, RULES AND FORM. HOWEVER, IT SEEMS THAT MANY OF VENTURI'S PRINCIPLES WORK EFFECTIVELY IN A GRAPHIC DESIGN CONTEXT: VARIETY, INCLUSION, AND TENSION ARE ALL KEY COMPONENTS TO SUCCESSFUL AND COMPELLING WORKS.WHILE GRAPHIC DESIGN PROJECTS GENERALLY HAVE A MUCH SHORTER LIFE SPAN THAN ARCHITECTURAL WORKS, IT IS INTERESTING TO CONSIDER THE GRAPHIC LANDSCAPE IN REFERENCE TO THE CITY LANDSCAPE. AS VENTURI DISCUSSED THESE IDEAS IN RELATION TO BOTH THE SINGULAR BUILDING AND THE DYNAMIC, LIVING CITY, WE CAN ALSO THINK ABOUT OUR DESIGN WORK AS INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES AS WELL AS PARTS OF A WHOLE BY CONSIDERING HOW THEY FIT IN WITH BOTH CONTEMPORARY A ND HISTORIC EXAMPLES OF GRAPHIC DESIGN.CERTAINLY HIS IDEA OF REPURPOSING HISTORICAL OR TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS ALSO APPLIES TO ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN—POSTMODERNISM WOULD NOT EXIST WITHOUT THIS CONCEPT. LETS US TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF RESIDENCE IN CHESTNUT HILL, PA. , VENTURI AND RAUCH, 1962. THIS BUILDING RECOGNIZES COMPLEXITIES AND CONTRADICTIONS: IT IS BOTH COMPLEX AND SIMPLE, OPEN AND CLOSED, BIG AND LITTLE; SOME OF ITS ELEMENTS ARE GOOD ON ONE LEVEL AND BAD ON ANOTHER; ITS ORDER ACCOMMODATES THE GENERIC ELEMENTS OF THE HOUSE IN GENERAL, AND THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENTS OF A HOUSE IN PARTICULAR.IT ACHIEVES THE DIFFICULT UNITY OF A MEDIUM NUMBER OF DIVERSE PARTS RATHER THAN THE EASY UNITY OF FEW OR MANY MOTIVAL PARTS. THE INSIDE SPACES, AS REPRESENTED IN PLAN AND SECTION, ARE COMPLEX AND DISTORTED IN THEIR SHAPES AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS. THEY CORRESPOND TO THE COMPLEXITIES INHERENT IN THE DOMESTIC PROGRAM AS WELL AS TO SOME WHIMSIES NOT INAPPROPRIATE TO AN INDIVIDUAL HOUSE. ON THE OTH ER HAND, THE OUTSIDE FORM–AS REPRESENTED BY THE PARAPETED WALL AND THE GABLE ROOF WHICH ENCLOSE THESE COMPLEXITIES AND DISTORTIONS IS SIMPLE AND CONSISTENT: IT REPRESENTS THIS HOUSE'S PUBLIC SCALE.THE FRONT, IN ITS CONVENTIONAL COMBINATIONS OF DOOR, WINDOWS, CHIMNEY AND GABLE, CREATES AN ALMOST SYMBOLIC IMAGE OF A HOUSE. SO, WE ALL MUST KNOW THAT POSTMODERNISM IS AN ART OF CREATING THE â€Å"ANOMALIES AND UNCERTAINTIES† THAT â€Å"GIVE VALIDITY TO ARCHITECTURE,† THE ARCHITECTURE MUST BE REACTING AGAINST SOMETHING. SO WHILE â€Å"THERE ARE NO FIXED LAWS,† ARCHITECTURE BENEFITS FROM SOME SENSE OF ORDER OR A SYSTEM SO THAT IT CAN REACT. BECAUSE SYSTEMS CANNOT ACCOMMODATE EVER CIRCUMSTANCE, ARCHITECTURE SHOULD STRIVE TO DEFY ORDER AND THE ALTERING OR BREAKING OF ORDER ENHANCES THE DEEPER MEANINGS OF THE ARCHITECTURE. Less Is More Less Is More Some say that short stories are pointless, who could possibly write a story in just 55 words and it make sense? Well it has been done and it works quite well! It takes an author of great skill to be able to put so much information into such a small piece of writing, to be able to fit in all the necessities. These authors have their own genre of writing. Some of these amazing authors include Lydia Davis, Margaret Atwood, and Terry L. Tilton. These are just a few of the outstanding brains behind some of the best short stories ever written.Not only do these authors use the lack of words in such a way to make the reader more involved in the outcome of the story, they also use fewer words to be more dramatic, and to leave you with questions. In the short story â€Å"That Settles Thatâ€Å", Terry L. Tilton uses 55 words to complete an entire story. Here it is, Tom was a handsome, fun-loving young man, albeit a bit drunk when he got into the argument with Sam, his roommate o f just two months. ‘You can’t. You can not write a short story in just 55 words, you idiot? ’ Sam shot him dead on the spot. Oh yes you can,’ Sam said, smiling. This story is outstanding! It shows how much can be said in just a few words and leaves so many blanks for the reader to fill in. Some may look at this as being lazy, to leave so much for the reader to figure out on their own, however, for someone to conduct a story in 55 words that make sense, that is total genus! These authors that create these masterpieces know that a lot of readers prefer to be more active as they read. They like to read between the lines, look underneath the text. Feature Article – Short Story  The Plane of the Sleeping BeautyThese readers are very common and the authors know this, they know that their target audience are those who feel as if they are included in the writing process, that they get to decide what people look like and what they wear. They like to have the ability to make these decisions based upon the surrounding text, the information that the author does give. Stories like this one, give the reader the chance to work their brains, not just read the plain text for face value. This is a huge reason that short stories are important, they let active readers give their brain the work out it needs! Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood is very dramatic. This short story is all about different ways to write a happy ending, although these ways involve extraneous situations involving lives that do not end happily, and in the end, no matter what, the main characters end up dying. A short story has to be more dramatic, more thi ngs need to happen in a short amount of time so the reader doesn’t get all the extra information. Think about it as if it is a Thanksgiving dinner, you don’t get all the stuffing and mashed potatoes, just the turkey, that’s all you have time for!These writers know that they only have a short amount of space to write in everything that they need so they want the big meaty pieces in there so it makes a huge impact! Lydia Davis beautifully wrote â€Å"Letter to a Funeral Parlorâ€Å". This short story is a letter that someone composed about their father passing away and the funeral parlor using the word â€Å"Cremains† to describe him. Lyndia Davis says, â€Å"Then we were sitting there in our chairs in the living room trying not to weep in front of your representative who†¦ referred to [my father] as ‘the cremains’†.This shows Davis’ ability to pull at the readers heart strings and make a point. This is a wonderfully writte n piece and it does exactly what a short story should do! Not only does it use a lack of words to have the readers fill in the blanks themselves but she also writes in a dramatic way. She is very to the point. She also does the final thing that is conveyed within short stories, she leaves you with questions. This is an amazing thing to do, as it leaves the readers wondering. Sometimes there are sequels to short stories and other times it is just another way to get the reader more involved.This give the reader another chance to fill in the blanks. Like in the Letter to a Funeral Parlor, it does not speak of how the father dies, nor does it talk about where they are from or what the people look like. These are all questions the author leaves the readers with, to think about. Readers enjoy reading short stories because they are something different from novels. Some people don’t want to have a book that takes a week or longer to read, some people don’t have attention spans that will last through an entire book.Those people want something they can read in 30 seconds or a half hour depending on if it’s a short short or not. Just because someone is a reader who prefers to read something short does not make then any worse or a reader that someone who likes 1000 page novels. It is all in the preference of the reader. Reading a short story is a good idea for readers because it gives you more options of reading. They are there for the readers who like to figure things out on their own. Short stories are amazing to read.They always leave you with something to think about. These essays are difficult to construct because of the amount of information that needs to be in such a small piece of writing. That is why the authors that do create these pieces of work are to be applauded because not everyone can do it. In a short story the author lets the reader be an active reader, filling in all the extra blanks and details. Short story authors also use fewer w ords to be dramatic. The less space you have to write, the fewer useless details and things that you will have.Therefore, the whole content is the important meat. This makes it so that the points are not drawn out, it creates a more climactic piece of work. These authors also leave their readers with questions. This creates the ability to keep the readers intrigued. Short story authors are amazing at what they do, someone like Terry L. Tilton, who has the ability to write a story in 55 words, should be commended or what they do. Works Cited Meyer, Michael, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 9th ed. Boston: St Martins, 2008. Print. Works Cited Knight

Content Marketing Online Shopping ( E Commerce )

At the beginning of the 1990’s many companies launched a company website to promote their goods and services. These websites were mainly static with content never being updated thus doing very little to generate business or keep customers engaged. With the launch of online shopping (e-commerce) and a move towards buying from the comfort of one’s home, buyers’ required descriptive copy to be written for items they wanted to purchase. With the introduction of search engines, in particular, Google, these enabled searchers to quickly find information on any topic by simply typing in some keywords. By the early 2000’s marketers started writing for search engines by producing good quality content relevant to their search terms. This was the start of the age of Content Marketing. (www.mintcopy.com) Content marketing consists of creating and distributing non-branded, high-value content with the intention of driving long-term customer engagement. http://www.marketergizmo.com/. Content Marketing is a key tool in most Marketers’ arsenal with 93% stating they use content in lead generation campaigns (contentmarketinginstitute.com). 86% of marketing decision-makers admit that their content is only somewhat effective at creating business value. One reason is most marketers create content without a cohesive strategy. (Forrester) According to Forrester, 74% of business buyers conduct more than half of their research online via websites, online searches and digital content before making aShow MoreRelatedEssay On E-Commerce Trends734 Words   |  3 Pages2017 e-commerce-trends-in-2017 Finally, 2017 is here, so what exactly your e-commerce growth plans are and what e-commerce trends do you need to stay on top of? Are you planning to expand the product categories, revamping or redesigning your website or going international? Whatever the plans are, keep in mind there are some of the biggest e-commerce trends we are going to expect in 2017. Let’s read on to find out some trendy e-commerce tricks for online merchants to build a user-friendly e-commerceRead MoreImpact Of Internet On Modern Business1699 Words   |  7 PagesINDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 4320 FUNDAMENTAL OF SYSTEM LITERATURE REVIEW Deri Kusniawati R11247083 Table of contents Table of contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 3 Articles Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....4 Article 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Article 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 Article 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Analysis...†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreResearch Journals on One Way Anova Test785 Words   |  4 PagesE-Commerce Electronic commerce, commonly known as  e-commerce consists of the buying and selling of  products  or  services  over electronic systems such as the Internet and other  computer networks. 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Essay The Tragical History Of Doctor Faustus - 993 Words

In a play known as The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, written by Christopher Marlowe in the late fifteen-hundreds, is about a German Scholar who has mastered all the traditional subjects, but with an overly ambitious need of wanting to learn more about the world. During that period, they were to not question the world, because it was like questioning their belief in God. Therefore, the subject that he turned to was of the dark arts. Faustus knew some scholars that taught him their ways. He trained himself as a summoner and summoned a devil names Mephistopheles; Faustus questioned Mephistopheles and demands for the bringing of Lucifer. In which the devil responds to him by telling about the horrors of hell and how heaven is the best†¦show more content†¦Faustus had the sin of lust and pride present instead of God, which is two out of the seven deadly sins. So, when he was to call for God, for feeling guilty, he received the response from Lucifer and Mephistopheles becaus e he was their minion now and they had to keep him that way. Faustus was only feeling guilty because he was scared that the Christian beliefs were true, and he did not want to pay the price if it was, the response from the devils showed that they were the only â€Å"Gods† that will be there for him. Likewise, Marlowe was believed to be an atheist in a world of Christians, and those Christians who knew about it would try and scare him into repenting for not believing in God. So, Marlowe had to have a comparable situation in order to depict it so well, but in the end, he was unchanged by their worlds and stuck with his own beliefs. Furthermore, because God did not appear at any point in the play, presenting that Faustus was to not believe in God at any point in his life, unless the fear of Christianity was to overtake him making him repent. It was as if God, if he were present in the play, knew that Faustus was never going to believe in him, so he did not care for Faustus because he was too far gone. But the bible also presents that God wants everyone to go to heaven, which is why it is ok to repent in the final hours in order toShow MoreRelated The tragical history of Doctor Faustus Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe tragical history of Doctor Faustus, which followed in the wake of Tamburlaine, is acclaimed by all as Marlowes best play in which the leaven of fertile poetry and fearless imagination works wonders. Introduction: The tragical history of Doctor Faustus, which followed in the wake of Tamburlaine, is acclaimed by all as Marlowes best play in which the leaven of fertile poetry and fearless imagination works wonders. 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Marking Scheme Free Essays

www. studyguide. pk UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2008 question paper 9697 HISTORY 9697/01 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Marking Scheme or any similar topic only for you Order Now It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2008 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 GENERIC MARK BANDS FOR ESSAY QUESTIONS Examiners will assess which Level of Response best reflects most of the answer. An answer will not be required to demonstrate all of the descriptions in a particular Level to qualify for a Mark Band. In bands of 3 or 4 marks, examiners will normally award the middle mark/one of the middle marks, moderating it up or down according to the particular qualities of the answer. In bands of 2 marks, examiners should award the lower mark if an answer just deserves the band and the higher mark if the answer clearly deserves the band. Band 1 Marks 21–25 Levels of Response The approach will be consistently analytical or explanatory rather than descriptive or narrative. Essays will be fully relevant. The argument will be structured coherently and supported by very appropriate factual material and ideas. The writing will be accurate. At the lower end of the band, there may be some weaker sections but the overall quality will show that the candidate is in control of the argument. The best answers must be awarded 25 marks. 2 18–20 Essays will be focused clearly on the demands of the question but there will be some unevenness. The approach will be mostly analytical or explanatory rather than descriptive or narrative. The answer will be mostly relevant. Most of the argument will be structured coherently and supported by largely accurate factual material. The impression will be that a good solid answer has been provided. 3 16–17 Essays will reflect a clear understanding of the question and a fair attempt to provide an argument and factual knowledge to answer it. The approach will contain analysis or explanation but there may be some heavily descriptive or narrative passages. The answer will be largely relevant. Essays will achieve a genuine argument but may lack balance and depth in factual knowledge. Most of the answer will be structured satisfactorily but some parts may lack full coherence. 4 14–15 Essays will indicate attempts to argue relevantly although often implicitly. The approach will depend more on some heavily descriptive or narrative passages than on analysis or explanation, which may be limited to introductions and conclusions. Factual material, sometimes very full, will be used to impart information or describe events rather than to address directly the requirements of the question. The structure of the argument could be organised more effectively. 5 11–13 Essays will offer some appropriate elements but there will be little attempt generally to link factual material to the requirements of the question. The approach will lack analysis and the quality of the description or narrative, although sufficiently accurate and relevant to the topic if not the particular question, will not be linked effectively to the argument. The structure will show weaknesses and the treatment of topics within the answer will be unbalanced. 6 8-10 Essays will not be properly focused on the requirements of the question. There may be many unsupported assertions and commentaries that lack sufficient factual support. The argument may be of limited relevance to the topic and there may be confusion about the implications of the question. 7 0-7 Essays will be characterised by significant irrelevance or arguments that do not begin to make significant points. The answers may be largely fragmentary and incoherent. Marks at the bottom of this Band will be given very rarely because even the most wayward and fragmentary answers usually make at least a few valid points.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. k Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Section A: The Origins of World War I, 1870–1914 Source-Based Question: Analysis and Evaluation 1 ‘Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis. ’ Use Sources A–E to show how far the evidence confirms this statement. CONTENT ANALYSIS [L2–3] EVALUATION [L4–5] A Strong antiAustrian, antiFranz Ferdinand statement by a member of a terrorist group. Y-Threats expressed to Austria and the Archduke B Official letter from a German Ambassador to the Kaiser with his handwritten notes. Y-The Ambassador urged Austria to take a oderate attitude and avoid an extreme response. N-William II realised that the situation was very serious and fully supported Austria. He did not urge moderation. CROSSREFERENCE TO OTHER PASSAGES Y-Source C agrees Y-Source can be that there was accepted not only widespread antias the personal Austrian feeling in view of the writer but as the opinion of Serbia. N-Contradicted by other members of Source D and the Black Hand. especially Source E, N-Source comes from a member of a the views of official Serbian opinion small group. Although particularly which is anxious to reach a settlement iolent, it was not with Austria. representative of general Serbian opinion. Y-The letter is authentic and probably reflects accurately the views of th e Ambassador. Y-The Kaiser’s handwritten notes are authentic and reflect his reaction to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Y-Although the writers of B disagree about Austria’s reactions, taken together they represent different German opinions. Y-Agrees with Source A that the Austrians see danger in Serbia. Source C agrees that Serbian public opinion is very widely anti-Austrian. N-Source D gives the cautious and anxious views of the French nd British governments. There is also a reference to the fears of the Serbian government.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net OTHER (e. g. Contextual knowledge) Y- Serbia was the leading state in the Balkans that represented a serious nationalist threat to the diverse Austrian Empire. It might have done more to suppress violent groups. N-The Serbian government was not responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This act was condemned universally but Austria used it as an excuse to take action agains t Serbia. It did not enter negotiations seriously. Y-By 1914, Austria was eeply suspicious of Serbia as the leader of hostile new independent states, threatening the further break-up of its Empire. Y-Serbia did not act sufficiently to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups. N-The Kaiser’s notes reflect his complete support for Austria, e. g. the Blank Cheque, and his tendency to adopt hasty and immoderate attitudes. N-The conditions that Austria made on Serbia were probably too humiliating to be acceptable. www. studyguide. pk Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 C Letter of an Austrian diplomat to the Austrian Foreign Minister Y-Anti-Austrian feeling was widespread in Serbia. All social and political groups were involved. There was even the (ludicrous) claim that Austria had caused the assassination. Y-The diplomat was in Belgrade when he wrote the letter; he had first-hand knowledge. N-He neglects the reasons for Serbian hostility to Austria. Y-Agrees with Source A, which is evidence of terrorist animosity to Austria. Agrees with the Kaiser in Source B that Austria had a justified grievance against Serbia. N-Disagrees with D, the moderate views of other major states who do not condemn Serbia. Disagrees ith Source E, which is an offer by the Serbian government to settle differences. Y-Anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia had been building up for a long time. An example was the Balkans Wars. Austria felt itself on the defensive. N-Serbia was a smaller country and did not represent a major threat, even to a declining Austria. D Letter from the French Ambassador to his Foreign Minister. N-Fears of an extr eme Austrian reaction are shared by the governments of France, Britain and Serbia. Austria is seen as the major danger to peace. Y-The letter probably represents accurately the discussions in which he Ambassador was involved. N-Source does not appreciate the reasons why Austria was taking a strong line against Serbia. Y-Source B partly agrees inasmuch as the German Ambassador dissuaded the Austrians from taking extreme measures. Source E agrees as the offer of the Serbian government to resolve differences with Austria. N-Source C strongly disagrees. Source A can also be seen to disagree because it shows the unremitting hostility of an antiAustrian terrorist group. Y-France and Britain wished to defuse the Sarajevo crisis. The Serbian government was willing to make concessions. N-The British overnment did not make its exact attitude sufficiently clear. E Message from a Serbian Ambassador to his Prime Minister. N-The Serbian government condemns the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and wishes to strengthen good relations with Austria. Y-The message is reliable because it is very probably authentic. N-The Serbian government had not previously done all possible to suppress violent anti-Austrian groups. Y-Source D agrees directly and indirectly. Source B partially agrees (the words of the German Ambassador). N-Source A can be taken to disagree as can the Kaiser‘s notes in Source B. Source C strongly disagrees: opinion in Serbia is extremely anti-Austrian. Y-The Serbian government responded positively to Austrian demands after the Sarajevo assassination. N-The Serbian government had tolerated the presence of some extreme antiAustrian groups.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Marking Notes [Note: all papers are to be marked using the generic marking bands for source-based and essay questions. ) 1 Source-Based Question L1 WRITES ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS, NO USE OF SOURCES [1–5] These answers write about Sarajevo or even generally about 1914 but will ignore the question, i. e. they will not use the sources as information/evidence to test the given hypothesis. For example, they will not discuss ‘Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis’ but will describe events very generally. Include in this level answers which use information taken from the sources but only in providing a summary of views expressed by the writers, rather than for testing the hypotheses. Alternatively, the sources might be ignored in a general essay answer. L2 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM THE SOURCES TO CHALLENGE OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS 6–8] These answers use the sources as information rather than as evidence, i. e. sources are used at face value only with no evaluation/interpretation in context. For example, ‘Austria exaggerated the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The German Ambassador in Source B does not think that the Aus trian government should take precipitate measures against Serbia, preferring a more considered approach. Source D states that the British Foreign Minister shared this view and believed that the Austrian government should be reasonable in its demands on Serbia. Source E gives the view of the Serbian government, in which it promised not to allow extremism against Austria in its territories. Those proved of being involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand would be punished. The Serbian government wished for good relations with Austria. ’ Or alternatively, ‘Austria did not exaggerate the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A portrays the extreme opinions of a member of a terrorist group even after the assassination. They represented a potent threat to Austria. In Source B, the Kaiser supported Austria and did not agree that Austria should be advised to be cautious. In Source C, the Austrian diplomat describes widespread extreme anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia after the assassination. ’ L3 USES INFORMATION TAKEN FROM SOURCES TO CHALLENGE AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. [9–13] These answers know that testing the hypothesis involves both attempting to confirm and to disconfirm it. However, sources are used only at face value. For example, ‘There is evidence for and against the claim that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis. Source A supports the claim because it is evidence of the views of a member of a terrorist group that was completely anti-Austrian and completely critical of the visit to Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He was not only expressing his own opinion. This is supported in Source B by the views of Kaiser William II and in Source C, the description of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia. On the other hand, the claim is contradicted by other Sources. Source C records the fears of a Serbian Ambassador in Britain that Austria would overreact whilst Grey, the British Foreign Minister, had asked the Austrian government to pursue oderate policies. Source E proves that the Serbian government was willing to punish those who were responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and sought good relations with Austria. ’  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 L4 BY INTERPRETING/EVALUATING SOURCES CHALLEN GE OR SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. IN CONTEXT, Syllabus 9697 FINDS Paper 01 EVIDENCE TO [14–16] These answers are capable of using sources as evidence, i. e. demonstrating their utility in testing the hypothesis, by interpreting them in their historical context, i. . not simply accepting them at face value. For example, ‘It is more accurate that Austria exaggerated the crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Source A is violently anti-Austrian and regards the Archduke as a tyrant. It was particularly offensive to issue such a statement soon after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. However, the Black Hand group was a small minority and not necessarily representative of the wider Serbian opinion. The Kaiser’s support of stern Austrian action in Source B is typical of his volatile tendencies. It is not reliable as evidence of Austria’s reaction. Source C is a long account of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia but is not necessarily reliable although it is written by a diplomat. It is contradicted by the views of the Serbian Ambassador in Source D, who claims that Austria had pursued anti-Serbian policies for a long time, and even more by the Serbian Ambassador in Source E. There might have been strong anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, as Source C reports, but Source E is strong evidence of the wish of the Serbian government not to provoke Austria. Source D includes the views of other governments. Both the French and British governments believe that the Austrian government should remain calm. There was a long history of ill feeling between Austria and the Balkan states, especially in Serbia. The assassination of a leading member of the Austrian royal family (the Emperor’s heir) was particularly dramatic but Austria shared the blame for the poor relations between these countries. ’ L5 BY INTERPRETING AND EVALUATING SOURCES IN CONTEXT, FINDS EVIDENCE TO CHALLENGE AND SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. 17–21] These answers know that testing the hypothesis involves attempting both to confirm and disconfirm the hypothesis, and are capable of using sources as evidence to do this (i. e. both confirmation and disconfirmation are done at this level). For example, (L4 plus) ‘†¦ However, the sources can also be interpreted to show that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis. Source A comes from a member of a terrorist group that had carried out the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and its programme was widely supported in Serbia. There is no sign that the Black Hand would end its activities and, although it had few members, the danger that they represented had already been proved by their role in the assassination. Source B includes the provocative views of the Kaiser but the German Ambassador’s letter does not criticise the Austrians for exaggerating the crisis; he only wishes the Austrians to be moderate in their response. Source C is strong evidence of the anti-Austrian sentiments in Serbia. The diplomat was correct in his belief that such feelings were very widespread in Serbia. It is also true that Serbia, like other Balkan states, believed that Austria was a declining power. Austria had to take strong action to counter this opinion. Even more insulting was the allegation that Austria had caused the assassination. ’  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 L6 AS L5, PLUS EITHER (a) EXPLAIN WHY EVIDENCE TO CHALLENGE/SUPPORT IS BETTER/ PREFERRED, OR (b) RECONCILES/EXPLAINS PROBLEMS IN THE EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT NEITHER CHALLENGE NOR SUPPORT IS TO BE PREFERRED. [22–25] For (a), the argument must be that the evidence for challenging or supporting the claim is more justified. This must involve a comparative judgement, i. e. not just why some evidence is better, but why some evidence is worse. For example, ‘Although there is evidence in the Sources both to challenge and support the claim that Serbia was most to blame for the Sarajevo Crisis, the more convincing case contradicts the claim. The strongest evidence is from the Sources that show how anxious the Serbian government was to defuse the situation. These are Source D and especially Source E. Although Source D is a letter from the Ambassador of a country that was not friendly towards Austria, it is probably an accurate account of the discussions that he was involved in. It can be supported by own knowledge that the Serbian government was fearful of Austria and that the British government, represented by Grey, called for moderation. Source E is very probably an accurate account of a Serbian government’s message to Austria and its wish to avoid extreme action. Source A should not be given much weight as justification for harsh policies by Austria. The members of the Black Hand group were few. They were a danger to Austria but this did not justify action against Serbia as a whole. The handwritten notes of William II in Source B are an exaggerated response in support of Austria. They contrast with the more sensible attitude of the German Ambassador in this extract. Whilst Source C is probably a generally accurate account of anti-Austrian feeling in Serbia, it ignores Austria’s responsibility for bad relations between the states. ’ For (b) include all L5 answers which use the evidence to modify the hypothesis (rather than simply seeking to support/contradict) in order to improve it. For example, ‘An alternative explanation is that, although Austria did not exaggerate the horror of the assassination in the short term, it was not justified in using it as the excuse for a major war against Serbia which was then to involve all of the major countries in Europe. The assassination did not only horrify Austria but all major European countries, the members of the Triple Entente as well as those of the Triple Alliance. Austria used the assassination to justify the complete suppression of Serbia, which had been its enemy for a long time. Source C is the only extract that refers to long-term issues and it is very one-sided. However, the crisis in Sarajevo can only be understood when we consider these long term issues, including the animosity between the Austrian Empire and the more recently independent Balkan states and Austria’s membership of the Triple Alliance, with its rivalry to the major states in the Triple Entente. The Serbian government could have done more to suppress anti-Austrian terrorist groups but it did not have direct responsibility for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo and tried seriously to defuse the situation. ’  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 8 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Section B Essay Questions 2 How far did Napoleon Bonaparte ensure liberty and equality in his domestic government of France? The key issue is the nature of Napoleon’s government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues; discussions of foreign policy or the impact of Napoleon’s rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. One would expect answers in Bands 1 (21–25) and 2 (18–20) to consider arguments for and against Napoleon’s support for liberty and equality. However, examiners should not require an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it might reject ’liberal’ measures as of minor importance. Answers in other Bands might plump for an argument that accepts or rejects ’liberty and equality;’ without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the Code Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unify the diverse laws of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and religious toleration would point towards Napoleon’s liberalism. Careers were open to talent. However, associations of workers were banned and women were given fewer rights than men. Napoleon kept a tight hold on power through his autocratic rule. Officials were nominated and the Empire ensured Napoleon’s personal rule. Opposition was suppressed and reference might be made to the work of Fouche as Minister of Police. Equality was limited by the restriction of promotion to Napoleon’s supporters. 3 Why did industrialisation have important political effects on Europe during the nineteenth century? (You should refer to developments in at least two of the following countries: Britain, France and Germany in your answer. The key issue is the link between industrialisation and political developments. Candidates are asked to refer to at least two countries. This should help to avoid vague responses. However, examiners will not expect any balance between the two or three countries and the question does not specify how much time should be given to particular examples. It w ill not be necessary to describe the development of the Industrial Revolution per se but to link developments to the key issue. It might be argued that the Industrial Revolution encouraged the growth of a new middle class. Its economic wealth enabled it to play a more important political role. Reference might be made to the Reform Acts (1832 and 1867) in Britain and to political advances in France from 1848. The position of the urban working class, although it lacked economic power, was enhanced by its concentration in large towns. Gradually political concessions had to be made to them, partly to avoid unrest. Reference might be made to the Reform Acts (1867 and 1884), with its supplements such as the Secret Ballot Act, in Britain and to political events in France. Political concessions were also made to the working class in Germany by the end of the nineteenth century. It will be relevant to discuss social reform, for example in education and housing, which came about largely because of the political pressures from the working class. High credit should be given when candidates point out the link between industrialisation and new political ideas such as Socialism and Marxism.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 9 4 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Why was Bismarck more successful than the revolutionaries of 1848–49 in unifying Germany? The key issue is the contrast between Bismarck’s success and the failure of the German revolutionaries in 1848–49. Examiners should expect a reasonable balance. 60:40 either way can merit any mark but 70:30 would normally lead to the award of one Band lower than would otherwise be given. However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most important criterion. An excellent discussion of Bismarck in an otherwise unbalanced answer might still be worth a high mark. Band 5 (11–13) will require a basic understanding of either Bismarck or the 1848–49 revolutions. The question asks ‘Why? ’ and the most effective answers will be analytical but answers that contain sequential analyses of Bismarck and 1848–49 should not be undervalued. Bismarck was helped by Prussia’s strong military power whereas the earlier revolutionaries had been militarily weak. He was supported by William I whereas Frederick William IV spurned the possibility of a German crown. However, Frederick William IV did introduce a comparatively liberal constitution that became attractive to other German states. Prussia’s economy was strong; candidates can discuss the importance of the Zollverein. Bismarck was more skilful in handling the other German states. He was more successful in dealing with other countries through his diplomacy and use of war. Candidates can illustrate this through the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870). Meanwhile, Austria was a weaker rival by the 1860s and less able to prevent German unification. 5 Explain the problems European countries faced in promoting imperial expansion during the later nineteenth century. The key issue is the problems faced by European countries when they engaged in imperial enterprises. Examiners will look for some examples, both from Europe and overseas. However, the range of possible overseas examples is wide and examiners will be realistic in their expectations. For example, some very good arguments might be supported by examples from a limited range of regions. There were problems in communication. Governments were sometimes involved in enterprises because of the actions of local officials, for example Britain and Cecil Rhodes. Sometimes different policies were favoured. For example, Bismarck was less enthusiastic than German public opinion. In spite of hopes for profits, imperial expansion could be expensive. Imperialism resulted in tensions between countries and added to military costs because larger and more expensive navies were needed. There was the danger of war and reference can be made to some crises such as Britain and France’s involvement at Fashoda (1898). Some candidates might slant the question to use ‘problems’ as a device to explain the causes of imperialism, for example economic advantage or strategic interests. This will be valid as long as the link is made between causes and problems.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 10 6 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 Why was the First World War so important in the downfall of the Romanov regime and the victory of the Bolsheviks? The key issue is the link between the First World War and the events of 1917. Candidates might take either of two approaches. 1914–17 might be seen as the culmination of a long decline of tsarist government, with less attention being given to the wartime period. Alternatively, answers might begin in 1914. Either approach is possible but the temptation in the first will be to spend too long on the pre-war period. In particular, the Bolsheviks were not in a strong position in 1914 and answers in Band 1 (21–25) and Band 2 (18–20) will need to show a sound understanding of the Bolshevik victory by the end of 1917. Answers that deal only with the February or the October Revolutions might find it difficult to get beyond Band 3 (16–17). The war discredited Nicholas II’s regime. Russia suffered heavy defeats with massive casualties. The resulting inflation ruined an economy that had been improving by 1914 but was still too weak to sustain the pressures of the conflict. Food became short. The Tsar’s decision to take personal command showed his lack of ability as a military leader but it also discredited him politically. Russia was left to the rule of Tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin. The outcome was the February Revolution. In spite of their later propaganda, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were not important in this rising. Kerensky and the Provisional Government failed to establish a stable government. They tried to deal with grievances about food and land but ineffectively. The many political groups could not be managed. The war continued unsuccessfully and the resulting grievances increased. Although Lenin and the Bolsheviks were checked in the July Days, Kornilov’s attempted coup discredited Kerensky. The October Revolution showed the ability of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, although a minority, to take decisive action. Lenin’s promise of major reforms and slogans such as ‘All power to the soviets’ had an enthusiastic response. Lenin soon abandoned his offer of a coalition government to install the Bolsheviks firmly in power. ‘The unpopularity of the Versailles settlement was the most important reason why Hitler gained power in 1933. ’ How far do you agree with this judgement? The key issue is the reasons why Hitler came to power in 1933. Candidates might continue the explanation throughout 1933 by explaining the sequence of events from his ap pointment as Chancellor to the introduction of the Enabling Act. However, answers that end with the Chancellor’s appointment can merit any mark. The question asks candidates to consider particularly the importance of the Versailles settlement. This dismantled the German military. Colonies were surrendered. There were territorial concessions in Europe, especially the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the loss of areas in the east to Poland. People who were regarded as German were living in other countries. Reparations had to be paid. Unification with Austria was forbidden. The War Guilt clause attributed blame for the First World War to Germany. Hatred of the settlement, the ‘stab in the back’ and the ‘November Criminals’ united Germans. This can form the basis of a good answer. However, answers in Band 1 (21–25) and Band 2 (18–20) can be expected to go further and compare Versailles as a reason with other factors. Weimar Germany did not establish a stable democracy. Proportional representation allowed small parties to exert undue politician influence. Changes of government were frequent. Extreme right and left-wing parties caused tensions. However, high credit should be given to candidates who understand the limited appeal of the Nazis in the 1920s. The Munich Putsch (1923) was put down easily. The army and the Junkers/traditionally strong right-wing social classes continued to exert influence. Nevertheless, Weimar seemed to have been more successful in the 1920s. It alleviated the worst economic effects of the war, came to agreements about the repayment of reparations and was accepted as a leading member of the League of Nations. The death of Stresemann was a blow and it can be argued that the Wall Street Crash (1929) that drove the Weimar Republic off-course. Hitler himself was an effective leader. He built up the Nazis through organisation and propaganda to become the second largest party in the 1930 election and the largest in 1932 – but they actually lost support in a later election that year. He kept his nerve when others, such as von Papen, thought that they could control him, refusing to accept any office except Chancellor.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net www. studyguide. pk Page 11 8 Mark Scheme GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2008 Syllabus 9697 Paper 01 How different were Stalin’s policies in governing Russia to 1939 from those of Nicholas II? The key issue is the contrast between Stalin and Nicholas II. Examiners can look for a balanced approach. 60:40 either way can merit any mark but 70:30 would normally lead to the award of one Band lower than would otherwise be given. However, as in all answers, the overall quality of the argument will be the most important criterion. An excellent discussion of either Stalin or Nicholas II in an otherwise unbalanced answer might still be worth a high mark. Candidates are free to argue that the similarities were more important than the differences: they were both autocrats; they suppressed political opposition; their secret police operated outside the law; they represented a personal cult of government. However, it might be claimed that Stalin’s rule was more brutal. The millions of casualties went far beyond the numbers who were prosecuted/persecuted by Nicholas II. Their ideologies were different. Stalin claimed, justifiably or not, that his regime was based on Marxism. Nicholas II ruled by divine right. A few candidates might mention their different attitudes to religion and the Church but this is not necessary for any mark. Their economic policies were different. Stalin regarded economic change as a high priority. He pushed through radical reforms in agriculture and industry that had wholesale social implications. Nicholas II allowed some economic reforms – for example the policies of Witte and Stolypin – but they were not particularly important to his conservative mind. Nicholas II was averse to change, unlike Stalin who introduced constant political social and economic change. Although he enjoyed an autocratic position, Nicholas II was personally weak, open to advice especially from the Tsarina. He allowed some courtiers and Rasputin to have too much influence. Stalin shared power with nobody. He destroyed those who helped him to power, including Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin. The purges destroyed people who were not a real threat to his regime.  © UCLES 2008 www. xtremepapers. net How to cite Marking Scheme, Essay examples

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PRO-GAY MARRIAGE IN AMERICA Essay America is the land of liberty where everyone has freedom of choice of lifestyle, religion etc. America has always believed in equality with a few exceptions from history which were resolved. Segregation is one of those exceptions. African-Americans until 1965 were passionately hated by whites. Even after the legislation was passed saying that all men are equal, America still struggled to adapt to this change. Today America would not do such a thing as discriminating against people because of skin color. The United States has been a model of democratic principles to the world for centuries. However, currently this world superpower is having a major dispute on whether or not to legalize gay marriages and this heated issue has divided Americans and caused the country to closely re-examine its principles and ideals. In America today, at the political level there is a heated debate on whether there should be a ban to same-sex marriages or not. Recently in his last State of the Union Address, President Bush supported the ban on gay marriage saying that he wants to prevent the meaning of marriage from being changed forever (NY Times). What is the meaning of marriage? According to David Brooks of the NY Times, marriage joins two people in a sacred bond. It demands that they make an exclusive commitment to each other and thereby takes two discrete individuals and turns them into kin. He also said that gays and lesbians are banned from marriage and forbidden to enter into this powerful and ennobling institution. (NY Times). In Las Vegas two people can get married in ten minutes at a shabby chapel. They dont even need to wear dresses, have guests or even be sober; it can be as untraditional as a couple wants. Hasnt America already defaced the meaning of marriage suggested by President Bush? On television there are reality shows in which people get married for money. One example is My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance. The basis is that a woman must marry a fat, hairy, disgraceful man in order to get $1million. The family members believe that the daughter is really getting married and is shocked at her choice. Here a woman will go to the extent of putting her family in pain and crush their dreams for just money. This is a really terrible thing to do to anyone and yet it is on the television so that other Americans can laugh their heads off. Hasnt the true meaning of marriage been torn apart when a price is put on emotions and we enjoy it? Ordinary humans do not have the power to judge and decide how people should live their lives. By attempting to ban same-sex marriage, the government is robbing gays of this sacred union of which no man can possibly fathom the meaning. Since biblical times gays have existed but were ashamed because they were the subject of discrimination. Today however, in America, gays are not belittled as they were back then. Ones sexual orientation used to be kept private but now it is open in America more than ever. Every large city has a small community for gay people. Many gays live in cities like New York, Los Angeles, Washington, Las Vegas and such because it is in these areas that they are not discriminated so much. There are gay newspapers, gay movies and shows, gay bands etc. One popular show is Bravos Queer Eye for the Straight Guy which is a hit among a lot of Americans- both homosexuals and heterosexuals. In New York City, The Harvey Milk School, a school for gays, was opened recently. The reason for this is because gay youngsters were made fun of, beaten and treated horribly by their heterosexual peers. In the past there were schools specially founded for black kids because of racist reasons. Has America gone a step backward? Havent we seen that segregation was soon abolished and everyone was united? If we know the outcome of such a situation why then would we want to repeat it again? It is not fair for kids to feel left out because of their sexual orientation. Death Penalty: In The Name Of Justice? Essay A gay kid wants to be equal .